All of the 10 cities with data for both 2011 and 2023 had higher MDMA levels in 2023 than in 2011 (see Figure 6.6. Key prevalence data for MDMA/ecstasy use in Europe). Of the 69 cities that have data for 2022 and 2023, 42 reported an increase, 11 reported a stable situation and 16 a decrease. Importantly, reported use of the drug declined temporarily during periods of social distancing during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, coinciding with the closure buy mdma of nightlife and the cancellation of events where MDMA is typically consumed.


Some tablets even contain stamping that indicate the quantity of MDMA present, although this is not always accurate and may also constitute a health risk. For example, in August 2023, tablets containing 350 milligrams of MDMA were seized in Spain. Meanwhile, data from drug-checking services suggest that approximately 85 % of the powders tested in 2023 contained between 80 and 100 % MDMA (81 % in 2022). Data reported to drug-checking services are generally in agreement with these trends. The detection of mixtures of MDMA and ketamine combined with other substances including cocaine have also increased in some regions of Europe, and are sold as ‘pink cocaine’, ‘tuci’ or ‘tucibi’ (see Box 6.3. What is tucibi?


This may not reflect use patterns, but rather differences in the offer, legal requirement and access to drug treatment between countries. Almost two thirds (503) of all new treatment entrants were reported from three countries, Germany (213); France (169) and Hungary (121). At EU and country level, people seeking drug treatment for MDMA-related problems represent a very small proportion of all clients entering drug treatment – typically less than 0.5 % of all new entrants into drug treatment in any given yea

Surrey Young People’s Substance Use Service
In these cases, the missing information was replaced with the mean, computed on the remaining countries. In calculating the amounts used, it was assumed that the maximum realistic amount to use in a day was five tablets; buy mdma those reporting higher values were excluded. The amount of MDMA used annually by these two different user groups was estimated using data from the EWSD. Cannabis, alcohol and to a lesser extent cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, ketamine and GHB are consumed in combination with MDMA. Graphics showing the most recent data for a country are based on studies carried out between 2013 and 2023. Prevalence data presented here are based on general population surveys submitted to the EMCDDA by national focal points.

Information gathered in the 2021 EWSD suggests that, on average, those who reported having used MDMA in the last 12 months, consumed one ecstasy tablet or 0.4 grams of MDMA in crystal or powders form each time they used the dru

While a slight decrease in price was observed in 2022 for ecstasy tablets, this may not be statistically significant or sustained in the coming years. In fact, it could be argued that MDMA in the form of ecstasy tablets became cheaper between 2012 and 2019 as tablets containing larger quantities of MDMA became increasingly available on the market (see Section The trend of large tablets containing more MDMA may be reversing). For countries reporting data in 2022, a considerable retail price range was observed, with prices per ecstasy tablet ranging from EUR 4 to EUR 19 (mean) and prices of MDMA powder from EUR 6 to EUR 50 per gram. Occasionally, tablets containing 250 milligrams or more of MDMA are encountered on EU drug markets. This trend may be a combination of the scheduling of PMK glycidate, and a reduction in demand for MDMA during the COVID-19 pandemic, and is in line with the changes observed in the adulteration of ecstasy tablets (see Section Ecstasy adulteration is responsive to market pressures). This means that the ratio of MDMA to fillers (excipients) in the mixtures used to make ecstasy tablets did not increase over this time period.


Given the option, it is clear that people who use MDMA and other drugs will embrace harm reduction approaches, and support their development. Harm reduction is not a principle that policy makers will need to force upon people who use MDMA or other drugs in nightlife and party settings. Significant numbers of people not only like MDMA’s effects and are willing to take known risks (health and legal) to enjoy them, but they seem to prefer it to most available substitutes. Perhaps most obviously it demonstrates, yet again, the futility of putting enforcement, targeting either people who use or supply, at the forefront of the policy response to drugs. The EMCDDA also reported in 2019 that ‘transactions involving quantities of MDMA tablets buy mdma indicative of the middle level of the market account for more than double the revenue of sales of retail-level quantities??


These products may make the use of MDMA more socially acceptable and appeal to non-habitual consumers and young people. In buy mdma recent years, the appearance of alternative (non-tablet) edible consumer products containing MDMA has also been reported, including candies, jellies, gummies and lollipops (see Box 6.1. Lollipops containing MDMA seized in Belgium). Additional data were shared with the EUDA by the Drug information and Monitoring System (DIMS) in the Netherlands. However, these data are not generalisable either, and as such should be interpreted with caution. Samples submitted to drug-checking services can also provide an indication of the products available to consumers.
Reporting countries
More than three quarters of EWSD respondents (77 %) reported meeting their dealer outside as the usual method for receiving drugs, followed by home delivery (17 %). Together, these two data sources suggests that the large majority of MDMA users buy the drug themselves, and that a smaller proportion obtains it for free, despite marked differences among EU countries. Web-based surveys, such as the EWSD, can provide a helpful insight, although the results cannot be generalised to the population as a whole, or indeed to all people who use drugs. Students learn the facts about cocaine, MDMA/ecstasy, methamphetamine ("Ice"), and new psychoactive substance